Simulation consists of exhibiting false information. Identity: to preserve "face" or the self-image.Relational: to maintain relationships or bonds.Instrumental: to avoid punishment or to protect resources.īuller and Burgoon (1996) have proposed three taxonomies to distinguish motivations for deception based on their Interpersonal Deception Theory: Understatements: minimization or downplaying aspects of the truth.Exaggerations: overstatement or stretching the truth to a degree.Concealments: omitting information that is important or relevant to the given context, or engaging in behavior that helps hide relevant information.
Equivocations: making an indirect, ambiguous, or contradictory statement.Lies: making up information or giving information that is the opposite or very different from the truth.The Interpersonal Deception Theory explores the interrelation between communicative context and sender and receiver cognitions and behaviors in deceptive exchanges. Intent differentiates between deception and an honest mistake. Intent is critical with regard to deception. Deception itself is intentionally managing verbal or nonverbal messages so that the message receiver will believe in a way that the message sender knows is false. In fact, sunflower oil is relatively low in omega-3 fatty acids and is not particularly good for brain health, so while this claim is technically true, it leads the receiver to infer false information. For example, a claim that " sunflower oil is beneficial to brain health due to the presence of omega-3 fatty acids" may be misleading, as it leads the receiver to believe sunflower oil will benefit brain health more so than other foods. Examples of deception range from false statements to misleading claims in which relevant information is omitted, leading the receiver to infer false conclusions. It also forms a vital part of psychological warfare in denial and deception.ĭeception of woman, with self-portrait by Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, 1927 ( National Museum, Warsaw) Communication ĭeception includes several types of communications or omissions that serve to distort or omit the whole truth. ĭeceit and dishonesty can also form grounds for civil litigation in tort, or contract law (where it is known as misrepresentation or fraudulent misrepresentation if deliberate), or give rise to criminal prosecution for fraud. A significant amount of deception occurs between some romantic and relational partners. If people expected most conversations to be untruthful, talking and communicating with others would require distraction and misdirection to acquire reliable information. Most people expect friends, relational partners, and even strangers to be truthful most of the time. Deception violates relational rules and is considered to be a negative violation of expectations. It can also be called, with varying subjective implications, beguilement, deceit, bluff, mystification, ruse, or subterfuge.ĭeception is a major relational transgression that often leads to feelings of betrayal and distrust between relational partners. There is also self-deception, as in bad faith. Deception can involve dissimulation, propaganda and sleight of hand as well as distraction, camouflage or concealment. It is often done for personal gain or advantage. For other uses, see False.ĭeception or falsehood is an act or statement that misleads, hides the truth, or promotes a belief, concept, or idea that is not true.
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